Biomass Power
The term biomass describes a wide variety of plant and animal wastes. It literally means “biological matter.” Biomass is the oldest source of energy used by humankind, and dates back to the discovery of fire.
Biomass energy sources
Biomass is a renewable form of energy because it derives from the photosynthesis process, in which plants convert radiant energy from the sun into carbon-containing compounds known as carbohydrates. Plants, when grown specifically for use as biomass, actually constitute a form of storage mechanism for solar energy.
When carbohydrates are burned, they release heat, CO2, and water. The CO2 goes back into the environment and contributes to the carbon cycle, facilitating the growth of more plants to replace the biomass that was burned. Therefore, biomass can be CO2-neutral if it is responsibly done according to a carefully managed program. The water goes back into the hydrological cycle. The heat energy can be used for electric power generation, as well as for other human energy needs.
Some biomass, such as wood, can be burned straightaway to release its energy.
However, various technologies have been developed that allow liquid and gaseous fuels to be derived from wood and other biomass substance. These fuels can be used to supplement (and eventually perhaps replace) gasoline, petroleum diesel, methane, and propane. The following are common raw materials for biomass energy systems:
Trees and grasses: Wood and grass can be directly burned to provide heat for boilers, which drive steam turbines. The most common source of wood biomass is the waste from lumber and paper mills. Willow trees, switch grass, and elephant grass are grown especially as biomass for energy production.
Crops and crop residues: Corn is used to make ethanol. The same is true to a lesser extent for grains such as wheat, rye, and rice. Sugar cane is used in Brazil to produce ethanol. Soybeans, peanuts, and sunflower seeds have been used to make biodiesel fuel. Both of these fuels, ethanol and biodiesel, can be used for electric power generation, as well as in motor vehicles.
Aquatic and marine plants: Microalgae, found in certain lakes, can be fermented to obtain ethanol or composted to obtain biogas. Ordinary seaweed can also be used for this purpose.
Manure and sewage: Animal waste from farms and ranches, and also human waste from urban areas, can be added to compost piles to accelerate the generation of biogas.
Landfills: Many types of ordinary garbage, particularly paper, cardboard, and discarded food products, can be composted to obtain biogas.
Bio Fuels - Are they Good ?
As the term suggests, bio-fuels are fuels that are formed when biological matter decomposes. The bio-fuels are mostly derived from plants. Biofuels exist in all the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Difference between bio-fuels and fossil fuels
Bio-fuels are different from fossil fuels in the following ways:
• Fossil fuels take a million years to build whereas bio-fuels can be made extremely fast, in a matter of days.
• Fossil fuels generate huge amounts of pollution. Bio-fuels are comparatively safer.
• Bio-fuels are renewable sources of energy unlike fossil fuels.
Biogas example
The composting of plant and animal waste can produce combustible methane. Have you heard of the “swamp gas” that can accumulate in wetlands and occasionally catch fire? That’s natural biogas! It is essentially the same as commercially or privately produced biogas that can be used for heating, propulsion, and electrification.
Different types of bio-fuels
Bio-fuels have been categorized into four types: first generation, second generation, third generation, and fourth generation.
The first generation bio-fuels are derived from vegetable fats, starch, and sugar, which are in turn derived from food-crops. The first generation fuels are also derived from animal fats. Biogas, bio-diesel, and vegetable oil are some examples of this type of bio-fuels.
The second generation of bio-fuels is mainly derived from waste biomass, thus making it a more balanced option compared to the first-generation bio-fuels. Different kinds of alcohols and diesel generated from wood fall into the category of second generation bio-fuels.
The third generation comprises of bio-fuels derived from algae. Algae are farmed on large scales for creating these bio-fuels. The algae fuels are extremely environment-friendly as they can easily decompose into the soil without harming it.
The bio-fuels in the fourth generation are derived by a method in which micro-organisms are raised to work with carbon dioxide to generate fuel.
Advantages of bio-fuels
Bio-fuels prove advantageous in the following ways:
• Bio-fuels lessen the burden on gradually-vanishing fossil fuels.
• Bio-fuels are environment-friendly. They help reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere.
• Bio-fuels, especially, bio-diesel prove to be very cost-effective for consumers.
Advantages of biomass power plants
• Biomass is a renewable energy resource.
• Biomass power, if responsibly used, produces zero net CO2 emissions because the new fuel grown absorbs all the CO2 generated by the fuel burned.
• Biomass fuel does not produce very much sulfur-based pollution (SOx), even when it is directly burned. In general, the SOx production is less with biomass fuels than with conventional fossil fuels.
•Large biomass power plants can operate on a continuous basis, unlike solar and wind power plants that produce energy only when the sun shines or the wind blows.
• Methane can be produced in small-scale composting plants. The supply does not have to come exclusively from centralized sources. This could enhance the security of the civilized world by distributing energy resources and assets, making them less vulnerable to natural or human-caused disasters.
• Some of the plants used for biomass power, such as switch grass, can reduce erosion and provide a habitat for wildlife.
Disadvantages of bio-fuels
Bio-fuels are not bereft of criticism. Though beneficial for the environment, bio-fuels have its disadvantages, paradoxically in the environmental purview. Bio-fuels have received criticism for many reasons, a couple of which are stated below:
• Economists have long debated on the usefulness of first generation biofuels when compared to the lack of food they cause. Generating fuel from food crops makes food crops unworthy of human consumption. Some people believe that being a higher priority than fuel, food should not be farmed for making fuels but for human consumption.
• Making bio-fuels require acres of farming land, thus encroaching upon the natural habitat of plants and animals.
Limitations of biomass power plants :
• Biomass combustion generates some pollutants. The nature of the pollutants depends on the fuel burned. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are fairly common. Burning plant matter directly can generate significant CO and particulate pollution.
•Collection of matter for biomass power plants can impact the environment in adverse ways if not responsibly done.
• The transportation of biomatter to composting plants, or to facilities where they are burned directly, consumes energy, usually in the form of fossil fuels for trucks and trains.
• The production of biogas by composting can produce objectionable odors. There is also some concern that the process, if not done responsibly, could lead to the breeding and spread of disease-causing microorganisms.
• Tanks or other containers that hold biogas require periodic inspection and certification by licensed and qualified personnel. This can be inconvenient and costly, but it is an absolute requirement to ensure the safety of people who live and work near the system.
NorthernTool.com
|
Energía de la biomasa
El término biomasa describe una gran variedad de residuos vegetales y animales. Significa literalmente “materia biológica.” La biomasa es la más vieja fuente de energía usada por la humanidad, y data del descubrimiento del fuego.
Fuentes de energía de la biomasa
La biomasa es una forma de energía renovable porque deriva del proceso de la fotosíntesis, en el cual las plantas convierten energía radiante del sol en los compuestos que contienen carbón, conocidos como carbohidratos. Las plantas, cuando se cultivan específicamente para su uso como biomasa, constituyen realmente una forma de mecanismo de almacenaje de la energía solar.
Cuando se queman los carbohidratos, liberan calor, CO2, y agua. El CO2 va nuevamente al medioambiente y contribuye al ciclo del carbón, facilitando el crecimiento de más plantas para substituir la biomasa que fue quemada. Por lo tanto, la biomasa puede ser neutra en CO2 si se hace responsable según un programa cuidadosamente manejado. El agua retorna nuevamente dentro del ciclo hidrológico. La energía térmica se puede utilizar para la generación de energía eléctrica, así como para otras necesidades energéticas humanas.
Algunas biomasas, tales como madera, se pueden quemar directamente para liberar su energía. Sin embargo, se han desarrollado varias tecnologías que permiten que combustibles líquidos y gaseosos deriven de la madera y de otras sustancias de la biomasa. Estos combustibles se pueden utilizar para complementar (y quizás eventualmente substituir) la gasolina, el diesel del petróleo, el metano, y el propano. Los siguientes son materias primas comunes para los sistemas de energía de biomasa:
Árboles y hierbas: La madera y la hierba se pueden quemar directamente para proporcionar el calor para las calderas, que impulsan las turbinas de vapor. La fuente más común de biomasa de madera son los desechos de madera y de las plantas pasteras para producir papel. Los árboles de sauce, el pasto varilla, y la hierba elefante se cultivan especialmente como biomasa para la producción energética.
Cosechas y residuos de la cosecha: El maíz se utiliza para hacer el etanol. Lo mismo es verdad en menor medida para granos tales como el trigo, centeno, y arroz. La caña de azúcar se utiliza en Brasil para producir el etanol. La soja, los cacahuetes, y las semillas de girasol se han utilizado para hacer el combustible biodiesel. Ambos combustibles, etanol y biodiesel, se pueden utilizar para la generación de energía eléctrica, así como en los vehículos a motor.
Plantas acuáticas y marinas: Las microalgas, encontradas en ciertos lagos, se pueden fermentar para obtener el etanol o abonar para obtener biogás. El alga marina ordinaria puede también ser utilizada con este fin.
Abono y aguas residuales: Los desechos de animales de granjas y de ranchos, y también la basura humana de zonas urbanas, se pueden agregar a las pilas de estiércol vegetal para acelerar la generación de biogás.
Rellenos sanitarios: Muchos tipos de basura ordinaria, particularmente papel, cartulina, y productos alimenticios desechados, se pueden abonar para obtener biogás.
Los biocombustibles - ¿son buenos?
Como el término sugiere, los combustibles biológicos son combustibles que se forman cuando la materia biológica se descompone. Los combustibles biológicos derivan sobre todo de las plantas. Los combustibles biológicos existen los tres estados de la materia: sólido, líquido, y gas.
Diferencia entre los combustibles biológicos y los combustibles fósiles
Los combustibles biológicos o biocombustibles son diferentes de los combustibles fósiles por las maneras siguientes:
• Los combustibles fósiles tardan millones de años para formarse mientras que los combustibles biológicos se pueden hacer extremadamente rápido, en cuestión de días.
• Los combustibles fósiles generan enormes cantidades de contaminación. Los combustibles biológicos son comparativamente más seguros.
• Los combustibles biológicos a diferencia de los combustibles fósiles son fuentes de energía renovables.
Ejemplo de biogás
El abono de residuos vegetales y animales puede producir el metano combustible. ¿Usted, ha oído hablar del “gas del pantano” que se puede acumular en humedales y de vez en cuando prenderse fuego? ¡Ése es biogás natural! Es esencialmente igual que el biogás producido comercialmente o en forma particular que se puede utilizar para la calefacción, la propulsión, y la electrificación.
Diversos tipos de combustibles biológicos
Los combustibles biológicos se han categorizado en cuatro tipos: primera generación, segunda generación, tercera generación, y cuarta generación.
Los combustibles biológicos de la primera generación son derivados de las grasas vegetales, del almidón, y del azúcar, que a su vez son derivados de las cosechas de alimentos. Los combustibles de la primera generación son también derivados de las grasas animales. El biogás, el biodiesel, y el aceite vegetal son algunos ejemplos de este tipo de combustibles biológicos.
La segunda generación de combustibles biológicos deriva principalmente del desecho de biomasa, haciéndola así una opción más equilibrada comparada con los combustibles biológicos de la primera generación. Diferentes clases de alcoholes y de diesel generados a partir de la madera caen en la categoría de combustibles biológicos de segunda generación.
La tercera generación abarca los combustibles biológicos derivados de las algas. Las algas se cultivan a gran escala para crear estos combustibles biológicos. Los combustibles de las algas son extremadamente amigables con el medio ambiente pues pueden descomponerse fácilmente en el suelo sin dañarlo.
Los combustibles biológicos de la cuarta generación son derivados por un método en el cual los microorganismos se ponen a trabajar con dióxido de carbono para generar el combustible.
Ventajas de combustibles biológicos
Los combustibles biológicos prueban ser ventajosos de las maneras siguientes:
• Los combustibles biológicos disminuyen la carga de la gradual desaparición en los combustibles fósiles.
• Los combustibles biológicos son favorables al medio ambiente. Ayudan a reducir emisiones de carbono a la atmósfera.
• Los combustibles biológicos, especialmente, biodiesel demuestran ser muy rentables para los consumidores.
Ventajas de las centrales eléctricas de biomasa .
• La biomasa es un recurso de energía renovable.
• La energía de la biomasa, si es utilizada responsable, produce cero emisiones netas de CO2 porque el nuevo combustible producido absorbe todo el CO2 generado por el combustible quemado.
• El combustible de la biomasa no produce mucha contaminación basada en sulfuro (SOx), incluso cuando se quema directamente. La producción del SOx es generalmente menor con los combustibles de la biomasa que con combustibles fósiles convencionales.
• Las grandes centrales eléctricas de biomasa pueden funcionar continuamente, a diferencia de las plantas solares y de energía eólica que producen energía solamente cuando el sol brilla o el viento sopla.
• El metano se puede producir en escala reducida en plantas de abono. El suministro no tiene que venir exclusivamente de fuentes centralizadas. Esto podría aumentar la seguridad del mundo civilizado distribuyendo recursos energéticos y activos, haciéndolos menos vulnerables a desastres naturales o causados por humanos.
• Algunas de las plantas usadas para la energía de biomasa, tales como pasto varilla, pueden reducir la erosión y proporcionar un hábitat para la fauna.
Desventajas de combustibles biológicos
Los combustibles biológicos no están libres de críticas. A pesar de ser beneficiosos para el ambiente, los combustibles biológicos tienen sus desventajas, paradójicamente en el sector ambiental. Los combustibles biológicos han recibido críticas por muchas razones, un par de ellas se detallan a continuación:
• Los economistas han discutido por largo tiempo sobre la utilidad de los combustibles biológicos de la primera generación, cuando se tiene en cuenta la carencia de alimentos que causan. La generación de combustible a partir de los cultivos de plantas comestibles convierte los cultivos de plantas comestibles sin valor para el consumo humano. Alguna gente cree que al ser una prioridad más elevada que el combustible, el alimento no debe ser cultivado para hacer combustibles sino para el consumo humano.
• Haciendo combustibles biológicos requiere acres de tierra de cultivo, usurpando así el hábitat natural de plantas y de animales.
Limitaciones de las centrales eléctricas de biomasa
• La combustión de la biomasa genera algunos agentes contaminadores. La naturaleza de los agentes contaminadores depende del combustible quemado. Los óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) son bastante comunes. La materia de la planta quemada puede generar directamente CO significativo y contaminación de partículas.
• La recolección de materia para las centrales eléctricas de biomasa puede afectar al medioambiente de manera adversa si no es hecha de forma responsable.
• El transporte de biomasa a las plantas de abono, o a las instalaciones donde se queman directamente, consume energía, generalmente bajo la forma de combustibles fósiles para los camiones y los trenes.
• La producción de biogás mediante abono orgánico puede producir olores desagradables. Hay también una cierta preocupación de que el proceso podría, si no es hecho responsablemente, llevar a la formación y a la dispersión de microorganismos que causan enfermedades
• Los tanques u otros envases que contienen biogás requieren la inspección periódica y la certificación por personal autorizado y calificado. Esto puede ser incómodo y costoso, pero es un requisito absoluto asegurar la seguridad de la gente que vive y trabaja cerca del sistema. |
|
|
|
BioPro 150 Biodiesel Processor Model# BioPro 150
BioPro 150 automated biodiesel processor is a compact stainless steel industrial-grade processor that converts organic oils into an alternative fuel biodiesel through acid/base catalyzed chemical reactions. The oil is altered to allow it to run efficiently in an unmodified diesel engine. The BioPro 150 requires very little user interaction. Simply fill the machine with filtered, dewatered vegetable oil or tallow, add methanol (8 gallons), lye and a catalyst, then walk away. Waste water is manually drained after each wash cycle. The rest of the process is handled automatically. U.S.A. Capacity (gal.): 40 in 48 hours, Oil Type: Waste vegetable oil, Oil Reservoir (gal.): 40, Methanol (gal.): 8, Power Requirements: 115V, Wash Method: 3 stage water was, manual drain off, Operation: Automated control with some manual assistance required, Pump: Fuel pump optional Easy-to-use processor converts organic oils into an economical alternative to costly diesel fuel Produces 40 gallons of biodiese... [Read more]
Brand: BioPro
|
Daws Biodiesel Storage Tank 100-Gallon Capacity, 32in.L x 30in.W x 30in.H, Model# 37224174
Designed for transporting biodiesel or raw vegetable oil. Tank Size (gal.): 100, Tank Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 32 x 30 x 30 Designed for mobile on-site storage of oil in restaurant kitchens 14-gauge steel tank is double baffled for strength and to prevent contents from shifting quickly Locking caps and reinforced bungs Casters for mobility Rated for commercial use and above-ground storage Welded mounting brackets Powder-coat finish Includes mounting kit [Read more]
Brand: Better Built
|
Daws Biodiesel Storage Tank 100-Gallon, 48in.L x 25in.W x 24in.H, Model# 37224173
Designed for transporting biodiesel or raw vegetable oil. Tank Size (gal.): 100, Tank Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 48 x 25 x 24 Provides mobile truck bed storage for transferring oil or fuel 14-gauge steel tank is double baffled for strength and to prevent contents from shifting quickly Locking caps and reinforced bungs Rated for commercial use and above-ground storage Welded mounting brackets Powder-coat finish Includes mounting kit [Read more]
Brand: Better Built
|
Fleet Biodiesel Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Test Kit Microbial Contamination, 6 Tests, Model# FT-0110
Test kit provides immediate, unambiguous indicators of fuel quality without the need for technical expertise. Simple test is ideal for anyone who uses biodiesel fuel in their commercial or personal vehicles, giving immediate feedback on whether a fuel meets basic criteria for use. U.S.A. Compatible With: Diesel and Bio-diesel, Microbial Contamination Test: Yes, Test Qty.: 6 6 test kits Detects microbial contamination in diesel and biodiesel fuel Identifies fuel that may cause filter plugging and damage to vehicle fuel systems [Read more]
Brand: Fleet BioDiesel, Inc
|
Fleet Biodiesel Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Test Kit Water and Visual Clarity, 12 Tests, Model# FT-0100
Test kit provides immediate, unambiguous indicators of fuel quality without the need for technical expertise. Simple test is ideal for anyone who uses biodiesel fuel in their commercial or personal vehicles, giving immediate feedback on whether a fuel meets basic criteria for use. U.S.A. Compatible With: Diesel and Bio-diesel, Water and Visual Clarity Test: Yes, Test Qty.: 12 Detects free (emulsified) water in diesel and biodiesel fuel Identifies fuel that may cause damage to vehicle fuel systems and fuel injectors [Read more]
Brand: Fleet BioDiesel, Inc
|
|
Fleet Biodiesel Fuel Test Kit Acid Number for B5/B20 Biodiesel Blends, 12 Tests, Model# FT-0120
Test kit provides immediate, unambiguous indicators of fuel quality without the need for technical expertise. Simple test is ideal for anyone who uses biodiesel fuel in their commercial or personal vehicles, giving immediate feedback on whether a fuel meets basic criteria for use. U.S.A. Compatible With: Bio-diesel, Acid Number Test: Yes, Biodiesel Style: B5/B20, Test Qty.: 12 Detects high acid number which is a measure of fuel degradation Identifies fuel that may cause damage to vehicle fuel systems (pitting of fuel injectors) [Read more]
Brand: Fleet BioDiesel, Inc
|
FREE SHIPPING BioPro 190 Biodiesel Processor, Model# ADBP-190
BioPro Automated Biodiesel Processor is a stainless steel industrial-grade processor that converts organic oils into an alternative fuel biodiesel through acid/base catalyzed chemical reactions. The oil is altered to allow it to run efficiently in an unmodified diesel engine. The BioPro 190 is designed for self-contained operation, with very little user interaction: no metering or mixing chemicals. Simply add the required ingredients, press the Big Green Button and walk away. The oil can be any organic oil (tallow, fats, vegetable oil, etc.), but in most cases, waste vegetable oil is commonly used to make biodiesel due to its wide availability. CE certified. U.S.A. Capacity (gal.): 50 in 48 hours, Oil Type: Waste vegetable oil, Oil Reservoir (gal.): 50, Methanol (gal.): 10, Catalyst/Chemicals: 3.3lbs NaOH or 5.2lbs KOH, 190mL sulfuric acid, Water Reservoir (gal.): 45, Power Requirements: 115v plug, Wash Method: 3 stage, Operation: Automated control with manual overrides, Pump: Fuel ... [Read more]
Brand: BioPro
|
2006 American Guide to Biofuels and Bioenergy, Biodiesel, Ethanol, USDA and Energy Department Research, Alternative Fuels (BOOK plus DVD-ROM SET)
Pages: 149, Ring-bound, Progressive Management [Read more]
|
Biodiesel Basics
Biodiesel Basics is a video introduction and companion guide to William Kemp's book. [Read more]
|
Energy from Biomass
Energy from Biomass [Read more]
|
|
Atmospheric Methane
Methane is an important greenhouse gas that can cause global warming. The present concentrations of methane are nearly three times higher than several hundred years ago. Today, more than 60% of the atmospheric methane comes from human activities, including rice agriculture, coal mining, natural gas usage, biomass burning, and raising of cattle. Methane affects the stratospheric ozone layer and the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, which in turn control the concentrations of many man-made and natural gases in the atmosphere. This book brings together our knowledge of the trends and the causes behind the increased levels of methane. Based on the scientific information on the sources and sinks, and the role of methane in global warming, strategies to limit emissions can be designed as part of a program to control future global warming. [Read more]
|
Measuring Methane Production From Ruminants
pThis book gives a comprehensive account of the methodologies for measuring methane from in vitro fermentation systems, and from stall-fed and grazing animals. The chapters have been contributed by experts in the field and methods and protocols have been presented in simple format for direct practical use. A variety of techniques for measuring methane emissions ranging from radio and stable isotopic methods, respiration chambers to the tunnel method and sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique, which can be used with animals in the field have been covered. In vitro fermentation systems which provide the opportunity to test new plants for their potential to reduce methane emissions and to help design new management and feeding strategies based on these measurements also form the subject of this book. This book will equip the readers to measure and monitor methane emissions accurately and to meet the challenge of improving productivity from ruminants without damaging the environment. The... [Read more]
|
The Methane Age
The Methane Age [Read more]
|
Methane and Methanol Utilizers
Eight independent chapters discuss specialized aspects of the various bacteria and yeast that have adapted to exploit methane and its oxidation product, methanol... [Read more]
|
Biofuels Refining and Performance
Learn about the ways to economically manufacture biofuels Written by a team of international experts, Biofuels Refining and Performance describes the refining processes and issues involved in producing fuel derived from recently living organisms or their by-products. Each chapter offers detailed discussion of theory as well as the actual experimental procedure used to economically manufacture biofuels on a commercial scale. [Read more]
|
|
Biofuel Equipment and Services in Greece
How to Strategically Evaluate Greece. Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Greece is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance to biofuel equipment and services are latent demand and market accessibility. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firms ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the supply side), and latent demand is an indicator of t... [Read more]
|
Biofuel Equipment and Services in Turkey
How to Strategically Evaluate Turkey. Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Turkey is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance to biofuel equipment and services are latent demand and market accessibility. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firms ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the supply side), and latent demand is an indicator of t... [Read more]
|
Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels
"Explores Worldwide Trends Involving the Production and Use of Biofuels" With the depletion of oil resources as well as the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels, there is much interest in alternative energy sources. Focusing on some of the most important alternate energy sources for the foreseeable future, the Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels provides state-of-the-art information on the status of the production of biofuels, in particular, bioethanol and biodiesel. "Introduction to Biofuels" After profiling plant-based biofuels, the book gives an overview of the production of biofuels from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods. It examines the thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquids and gaseous fuels. "Production of Bioethanol" The handbook then analyzes current biomass-to-ethanol programs, followed by a discussion on ethanol fermentation from molasses and process practices applied for the improvement of ethanol pro... [Read more]
|
Biofuel Support Policies
Governments in many OECD countries, as well as in a number of countries outside the OECD area, actively promote the production and use of alternative transport fuels made from agricultural commodities. This report, jointly produced by the OECD and the IEA and drawing on information from a number of other organisations, analyses the implications of this support from various perspectives. The report shows that the high level of policy support contributes little to reduced greenhouse-gas emissions and other policy objectives, while it adds to a range of factors that raise international prices for food commodities. It concludes that there are alternatives to current support policies for biofuels that would more effectively allow governments to achieve their objectives. [Read more]
|
Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems
With shortages of fossil energy, especially oil and natural gas, and heavy biomass energy use occurring in both developed and developing countries, a major focus has developed worldwide on renewable energy systems. Renewable energy systems include wind power, biomass, photovoltaics, hydropower, solar thermal, thermal ponds, and biogas. Currently, a heavy focus is on biofuels made from crops, such as corn, sugarcane, and soybeans, for use as renewable energy sources. Wood and crop residues also are being used as fuel. Though it may seem beneficial to use renewable plant materials for biofuel, the use of crop residues and other biomass for biofuels raises many concerns about major environmental problems, including food shortages and serious destruction of vital soil resources. All renewable energy systems need to be investigated because humankind has only about 40 years of oil and gas reserves remaining. There is a 50 to 100 year supply of coal resources in the ground, but coal will b... [Read more]
|
|
Run Your Diesel Vehicle on Biofuels
CONVERT TO BIODIESEL FOR A MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RIDE Run Your Diesel Vehicle on Biofuels has everything you need to make the switch from expensive, environment-damaging carbon fuel to cheap (and, in many cases, free), clean fuel for your vehicle. Practical and decidedly apolitical, this unique guide focuses on technical details, parts, and instructions. Inside, you'll find step-by-step instructions accompanied by helpful illustrations for such projects as building and properly using a homemade biodiesel reactor, which enables you to drive you car on vegetable oil purchased at a fraction of the price of gas or even on second-hand oil obtained from restaurants free of charge. Run Your Diesel Vehicle on Biofuels also includes a list of international parts suppliers and various manufacturers' warranty statuses regarding vehicles converted to biodiesel. Projects include: Collecting waste oil; Building a waste-oil processor; Creating biodiesel fuel; Converting your car to profess... [Read more]
|
Biofuels
This book gives a broad overview of the key topics in this field of study, approaching them from a technical and economic angle giving the reader a comprehensive insight into biofuels as a whole. Dealing specifically with liquid and gaseous biofuels that can be produced from renewable resources this text also gives a summary of the past, present and future production technologies and applications of biofuels.. This book is particularly relevant as it highlights the extensive debate of the on-going global needs to find alternative fuels, making it not only a necessary text for working professionals and researchers in the field, but for anyone with an interest in sustaining the earth. [Read more]
|
- BioPro 380 Biodiesel Processor, Model# ADBP-380
BioPro Automated Biodiesel Processor is a stainless steel industrial-grade processor that converts organic oils into an alternative fuel biodiesel through acid/base catalyzed chemical reactions. The oil is altered to allow it to run efficiently in an unmodified diesel engine. The BioPro 380 is designed for self-contained operation, with very little user interaction: no metering or mixing chemicals. Simply add the required ingredients, press the Big Green Button and walk away. The oil can be any organic oil (tallow, fats, vegetable oil, etc.), but in most cases, waste vegetable oil is commonly used to make biodiesel due to its wide availability. U.S.A. Capacity (gal.): 100 in 48 hours, Oil Type: Waste vegetable oil, Oil Reservoir (gal.): 100, Methanol (gal.): 20, Catalyst/Chemicals: 6.7lbs NaOH or 10.4lbs KOH, 308mL Sulfuric acid, Water Reservoir (gal.): 90, Power Requirements: 115v or 230v plug, Wash Method: 2 stage water wash, Operation: Automated control with manual overrides, Pum... [Read more]
Brand: BioPro
|
Tuthill Biodiesel Transfer Pump - 15 GPM, Model# BD1210C
Fill-Rite cast iron transfer pump is designed for dispensing alternative fuel biodiesel in blends of B21 to B100 mixed according to ASTM D6751. U.S.A. HP: 1/4, Flow (GPM): 15, Speed (RPM): 2600, Amps: 20, Max. Suction Lift (ft.): 7, Inlet Port (in.): 1, Outlet Port (in.): 3/4, Duty Cycle: 30 Min., Self-Priming: Yes, Bypass Valve: Yes, Seal Type: Mechanical, Nozzle Type: Manual, Hose (in. x ft.): 3/4 x 12, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 12 x 9 x 9 12 Volt DC Steel telescopic suction pipe adjusts to 42in. 18ft. battery cable with ground wire Biodiesel hose with static wire [Read more]
Brand: Tuthill
|
Tuthill Biodiesel Transfer Pump - 20 GPM, Model# BD4210D
Fill-Rite cast iron transfer pump is designed for dispensing alternative fuel biodiesel in blends of B21 to B100 mixed according to ASTM D6751. U.S.A. HP: 1/4, Flow (GPM): 20, Speed (RPM): 2600, Amps: 20, Max. Suction Lift (ft.): 7, Inlet Port (in.): 1, Outlet Port (in.): 1, Duty Cycle: 30 Min., Self-Priming: Yes, Bypass Valve: Yes, Seal Type: Mechanical, Nozzle Type: Manual, Hose (in. x ft.): 1 x 12, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 13 x 9 x 12 12 Volt DC Steel telescopic suction pipe adjusts to 42in. 18ft. battery cable with ground wire Biodiesel hose with static wire [Read more]
Brand: Tuthill
|
|
Tuthill Biodiesel Transfer Pump - 20 GPM, 115V AC, Model# BD700V
Fill-Rite cast iron transfer pump is designed for dispensing alternative fuel biodiesel in blends of B21 to B100 mixed according to ASTM D6751. U.S.A. HP: 1/3, Volts: 115, Amps: 5.5, Speed (RPM): 1725, Flow (GPM): 20, Max. Suction Lift (ft.): 10, Inlet Port (in.): 1 1/4, Outlet Port (in.): 3/4, Duty Cycle: 30 Min., Self-Priming: Yes, Bypass Valve: Yes, Seal Type: Mechanical, Nozzle Type: Manual, Hose (in. x ft.): 3/4 x 12, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 14 1/4 x 12 x 11 1/4 18ft. battery cable with ground wire Biodiesel hose with static wire [Read more]
Brand: Tuthill
|
Tuthill Biodiesel Transfer Pump - 35 GPM, Model# BD310V
Fill-Rite cast iron transfer pump is designed for dispensing alternative fuel biodiesel in blends of B21 to B100 mixed according to ASTM D6751. U.S.A. HP: 3/4, Volts: 115 / 230, Amps: 11 / 6, Speed (RPM): 1725, Flow (GPM): 35, Max. Suction Lift (ft.): 18, Inlet Port (in.): 1 1/4, Outlet Port (in.): 1, Duty Cycle: 30 Min., Self-Priming: Yes, Bypass Valve: Yes, Seal Type: Mechanical, Nozzle Type: Manual, Hose (in. x ft.): 1 x 12, Dimensions L x W x H (in.): 16 1/2 x 12 1/2 x 14 1/2 Steel telescopic suction pipe adjusts to 42in. 18ft. battery cable with ground wire Biodiesel hose with static wire [Read more]
Brand: Tuthill
|
Review Of The Research Strategy For Biomass-Derived Transportation Fue
Review Of The Research Strategy For Biomass-Derived Transportation Fue [Read more]
|
Biofuels Engineering Process Technology
New Process Technology for Developing Low-Cost, Environmentally Safe Biofuels Rising fuel prices have created a surge in the worldwide demand for biofuels made from plant and animal feedstocks. Filled with a wealth of illustrations, Biofuels Engineering Process Technology fully explains the concepts, systems, and technology now being used to produce biofuels on both an industrial and small scale. Written by a team of leading biofuels experts, this lucid guide presents a complete introduction to biofuels and biorefining processes state-of-the-art information on biofuels processed from fermentations of ethanol, hydrogen, microbial oils, and methane new material on the production of biodiesel from plant and algal oils and the use of microbial fuel cells to produce bioelectricity. Biofuels Engineering Process Technology takes readers step by step through The key concepts, systems, and technology of biofuels A review of the basic concepts of fermentation pathways and kinetic modeling of ... [Read more]
|
Biofuels for Road Transport
Offers a review of the history, the status and perspectives for biofuels used in road transport, across the full 'seed-to-wheel' life cycle of these fuels. This title is suitable for professional engineers, researchers and postgraduate students involved in biofuels, renewable energy (including bioenergy) and the automotive industry. [Read more]
|
|
Biofuels
Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. This Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also revie... [Read more]
|
Biomass, Energy, and Environment
Developing countries are searching for alternate energy options which promote sustainable development and equity... [Read more]
|
Energy from Biomass
Energy from Biomass [Read more]
|
Biofuels
Of all the problems associated with energy production, none is more complex than those associated with the production of biofuels, including plant matter, animal wastes, and municipal wastes. This book describes the ways that biofuels are used and the technical, social, policy, and environmental consequences of large-scale consumption. [Read more]
|
Biomass to Biofuels
Focusing on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, this book integrates technological development and business development rationales to highlight the key technological.developments that are necessary to industrialize biofuels on a global scale. Technological issues addressed in this work include fermentation and downstream processing technologies, as compared to current industrial practice and process economics. Business issues that provide the lens through which the technological review is performed span the entire biofuel value chain, from financial mechanisms to fund biotechnology start-ups in the biofuel arena up to large green field manufacturing projects, to raw material farming, collection and transport to the bioconversion plant, manufacturing, product recovery, storage, and transport to the point of sale. Emphasis has been placed throughout the book on providing a global view that takes into account the intrinsic cha... [Read more]
|
|
Biofuels for Transport
Biofuels for Transport is a tour de force through the complex array of issues associated with rapidly expanding biofuels markets around the world. Exploring both the risks and opportunities of biofuels production and consumption this timely publication is a mustread for policy-makers investors entrepreneurs and civil society organizations interested in creating a more sustainable future. Julia Marton-Lefevre Director General of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) This is the most authoritative work published so far on the production and use of biofuels covering not only the technical but also the key environmental economic and social issues. Anyone interested in finding if Brazil is going to be the "new Saudi Arabia" of ethanol or if there is going to be a new OPEC of producers of biofuels should read this book. Professor Jose Goldemberg University of Sao Paulo Brazil Former Secretary for the Environment of the State of Sao Paulo Brazil Biofuels for Transport is an insight... [Read more]
|
Gasoline, Diesel and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants
"This book introduces readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, switch grass, and corn stover"--Provided by publisher."The world is currently faced with two significant problems fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation, which are continuously being exacerbated due to increasing global energy consumption. As a substitute for petroleum, renewable fuels have been receiving increasing attention due a variety of environmental, economic, and societal benefits. The first-generation biofuels - ethanol from sugar or corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils - are already on the market. The goal of this book is to introduce readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, switch grass, corn stover, waste wood, municipal solid wastes, and so on. Various technologies are discussed, including cellulosic ethanol, biomass gasification, ... [Read more]
|
Zee Line Rotary Chemical and Biodiesel Pump, Model# 1014R
This Zee Line rotary chemical and biodiesel pump is ideal dispensing aggressive chemicals, including chlorinated solvents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Also works for biodiesel and vegetable oil. Oz. Per Crank: 8 Ryton plastic rotary pump with Viton shaft seal and Teflon flange seal Ideal for strong chemicals, including chlorinated solvents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, methanol, benzene and diesel fuel Also works for biodiesel and vegetable oil Dispenses 8 oz. per revolution Includes bung adapter [Read more]
Brand: Zee Line
|
LiquiDynamics Biodiesel Lift Pump - Brass, Model# 560019
This all-brass hand-operated lift pump is ideal for use with biodiesel, solvents and chemicals compatible with brass and PTFE Teflon seals. Inlet Port (in.): 2, Oz. Per Stroke: 8 Comes complete with 2in. NPTM threaded head, curved discharge spout and suction tube to fit up to 55-gallon drums Pumps 1/2 pint per stroke [Read more]
Brand: Liquidynamics
|
Methane From Biomass: A Systems Approach
Methane From Biomass: A Systems Approach [Read more]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
How electricity is produced
Electrical energy was one of man’s greatest discoveries. It has helped build new civilizations. The large amount of electricity produced has its source in fossil fuels, nuclear fission, water, and wind. This article will explore the different methods of electricity production.
Electricity is churned out by enormous turbines. These turbines need a support to be moved. There are various ways of moving these turbines:
By burning fossil fuels: Electricity is produced when the blades of a turbine are moved by enormous amounts of vapour. This vapour is generated by heating a lot of water in huge furnaces. The water is heated by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. This method releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide in the air, thus severely polluting our atmosphere. It is important to turn to alternate methods of electricity production for long-term benefits.
By water: You must have heard how dams are constructed to produce electricity. A popular method to produce electricity, a water dams serves two purposes: restricting water bodies and producing electricity. Water dams use the river water to move turbines, helping them produce electricity. Electricity generated this way helps control air pollution; however, this method of electricity production adversely affects the ecosystem in the water bodies.
Water accounts for 90 percent of the world’s electricity generated through renewable resources.
By wind: Electricity is produced when wind energy is converted to electrical energy. Wind mills or wind turbines are used to churn up enormous amounts of wind energy which is then converted into electrical energy.
The latest in wind energy advancement tells us that wind energy is helping create portable cell phone chargers.
By nuclear fission: Yes, nuclear fission does not only make atom bombs, but also helps produce electricity. Nuclear fission causes a chain reaction where the element Uranium is bombarded by neutrons causing it to split.
Every time a Uranium nucleus is split, more neutrons are released, causing more splits in the already split Uranium nuclei. The resultant chain reaction generates a lot of heat which is used to heat water the vapour of which eventually moves turbines to create electricity.
By bio-waste: With technological advancements, electricity is also being produced by bio-waste. Bio-gas is a typical way of generating electricity in rural areas in countries like India. In fact, a new technology evolved in the state of Bihar in India that uses human waste to generate electricity. |
¿Cómo se produce la electricidad ?
La energía eléctrica fue uno de los descubrimientos más grandes del hombre. Ha ayudado a construir nuevas civilizaciones. La gran cantidad de electricidad producida tiene su fuente en los combustibles fósiles, la fisión nuclear, el agua, y el viento. Este artículo explorará los diversos métodos de producción de electricidad.
La electricidad es producida por turbinas enormes. Estas turbinas necesitan un medio para ser movidas. Hay varias maneras de mover estas turbinas:
Quemando combustibles fósiles: la electricidad se produce cuando las paletas de una turbina son movidas por cantidades enormes de vapor. Este vapor es generado calentando mucha agua en hornos enormes. El agua es calentada quemando los combustibles fósiles como el carbón, el petróleo, y el gas natural. Este método lanza cantidades enormes de dióxido de carbono en el aire, contaminando así seriamente nuestra atmósfera. Es importante recurrir a otros métodos de producción de electricidad para obtener ventajas a largo plazo.
Por el agua: Usted debe haber oído cómo se construyen las presas para producir electricidad. Siendo un método popular para producir electricidad, una represa de agua sirve a dos propósitos: restricción de masa de agua y producción de electricidad. Las presas de agua utilizan el agua de río para mover las turbinas, ayudándolas a producir electricidad. La electricidad generada de ésta manera ayuda a controlar la contaminación atmosférica; sin embargo, este método de producción de electricidad afecta adversamente al ecosistema en los cuerpos de agua.
El agua representa el 90 por ciento de la electricidad generada en el mundo a través de recursos renovables.
Por el viento: Se produce electricidad cuando la energía eólica se convierte en energía eléctrica. Los molinos de viento o las turbinas de viento se utilizan para capturar cantidades enormes de energía eólica que luego se convierte en energía eléctrica.
El último adelanto en energía eólica nos dice que la energía eólica está ayudando a crear cargadores portátiles de teléfonos celulares.
Por la fisión nuclear: Sí, la fisión nuclear no sólo hace bombas atómicas, sino que también ayuda a producir electricidad. La fisión nuclear causa una reacción en cadena donde el elemento uranio es bombardeado por neutrones que lo hacen dividirse.
Cada vez que un núcleo de uranio se divide, más neutrones son liberados, causando más divisiones en los núcleos de uranio ya divididos. La reacción en cadena resultante genera mucho calor que se utiliza para calentar el agua, cuyo vapor mueve eventualmente las turbinas para crear electricidad.
Por desechos biológicos: Con los adelantos tecnológicos, la electricidad también se produce a partir de desechos biológicos. El biogás es una manera típica de generar electricidad en zonas rurales en países como la India. De hecho, una nueva tecnología se desarrolló en el estado de Bihar en la India que utiliza la basura humana para generar electricidad. |
|
|
|
